Malignant Tumors of the Uterus
Malignant tumors that develop from uterine cells are divided into two main types: endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. Endometrial cancer (also called uterine cancer) is much more common and is usually detected before it has spread beyond the uterus. Uterine sarcoma is a rare type of tumor that can sometimes be difficult to treat.
Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)
Endometrial cancer develops in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is one of the most common cancers among women, especially during the postmenopausal period.
Factors That Increase the Risk of Endometrial Cancer
- Age: The risk of the disease increases with age.
- Genetics: This refers to Lynch syndrome, which is associated with a tendency for colorectal cancer and can be inherited. Five percent of women have uterine cancer due to Lynch syndrome. Additionally, having family members with endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, or breast cancer increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
- Gynecological problems: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrial hyperplasia, or estrogen use.
- Diabetes, hypertension, obesity
- Infertility
- Tamoxifen use
Symptoms
The main symptoms of endometrial cancer include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, especially after menopause.
- Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis.
- Unexplained weight loss.
Diagnostic Methods Useful for Diagnosing Endometrial Cancer
- Ultrasound (US): Helps to detect changes in the structure of the uterus.
- Endometrial biopsy: This procedure is recommended if there are symptoms that may indicate endometrial cancer, such as abnormal vaginal bleeding. During an endometrial biopsy, the doctor removes a tissue sample from the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) for subsequent histological examination by a pathologist. The pathologist analyzes the sample for the presence of cancer cells and determines the type and stage of cancer if it is present. Endometrial biopsy has high diagnostic significance. Hysteroscopy is often the procedure of choice, allowing material to be taken under visual control.
- Cervical biopsy: This type of biopsy is performed if there is suspicion that the cancer may have spread to the cervix. The procedure is similar to endometrial biopsy, but samples for examination are taken from cervical tissues, not from the uterine cavity.
Treatment
The treatment methods depend on the stage of cancer and the patient's overall health. The main methods include:
- Surgery: Most commonly, hysterectomy—removal of the uterus—is performed. In 99% of cases, I perform laparoscopic hysterectomy, even in cases of severe comorbidities, significant obesity, or numerous previous surgical interventions.
- Radiation therapy: Used to destroy cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Used in cases of cancer spread beyond the uterus.
- Hormonal therapy: Can be used to reduce estrogen levels in the body.
Prevention
Although there is no way to completely prevent endometrial cancer, the risk can be reduced by following these recommendations:
- Weight control: Maintaining a healthy weight.
- Balanced diet: A diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
- Physical activity: Regular exercise.
- Estrogen level control: As prescribed by a doctor.
Conclusion
Endometrial cancer is a serious disease, but timely diagnosis and proper treatment significantly increase the chances of successful recovery. It is important to have regular preventive examinations and see a doctor if any concerning symptoms appear. Take care of your health and take care of yourself!
We will discuss all questions regarding the surgery and the postoperative period during our meeting at the clinic.
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